Spring Cloud 微服务架构搭建实战。涵盖服务注册发现（Eureka）、负载均衡（Ribbon）、声明式调用（Feign）、网关路由（Zuul）及配置中心（Config）与消息总线（Bus）。通过 Maven 工程结构展示各组件配置，包括 application.properties、pom.xml 依赖管理及代码示例。重点解决环境搭建中的常见配置问题，如端口冲突、服务名注册、Git 配置同步等。适合初学者快速掌握 Spring Cloud 基础组件集成流程。
本周深入研究了 Spring Cloud 基础知识，搭建了首个 Demo 集群，记录入门踩坑经验，供参考。
Spring Cloud 为开发人员提供了快速构建分布式系统中一些常见模式的工具（例如配置管理，服务发现，断路器，智能路由，微代理，控制总线）。简单来说，Spring Cloud 为开发人员提供了一系列贴有 Spring 品牌的适合于微服务应用开发的服务组件。
这里面涉及的内容较多，由于本文侧重实战就不详细说明了，请参考网络上的相关博客。
建立开发环境，我们一共需要 5 个工程来完成 Demo 的搭建，开发环境是 maven,jdk8,intellij。 采用 Maven 约定的结构。
demo-eureka 工程 DemoApplication.java
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
application.properties
server.port=8181 #端口
spring.application.name=mmb-eureka-server #服务名称
eureka.client.register-with-eureka=false #注册自己，用于集群形式
eureka.client.fetch-registry=false #若为 true 的话会报错
注：此配置不可用于生产环境，缺乏优化
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>demo</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>demo</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
DemoClient2Application.java
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class DemoClient2Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoClient2Application.class, args);
}
}
DemoController.java
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class DemoController {
@Autowired
private WordFeignClient wordFeignClient;
@RequestMapping("/abc")
public String getSentence() {
return wordFeignClient.getWord() + wordFeignClient.getWord();
}
}
WordFeignClient.java
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
@FeignClient("mmb-eureka-subject")
public interface WordFeignClient {
@RequestMapping(value = "/", method = RequestMethod.GET)
String getWord();
}
application.properties
eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://localhost:8181/eureka
server.port=8182
spring.application.name=mmb-eureka-client2
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
mmb-eureka-subject.ribbon.NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName=com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>demo-client2</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>demo-client2</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-feign</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
<artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
<version>2.6.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
<artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
<version>2.6.1</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
ZuulDemoApplication.java
package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.SpringCloudApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.EnableZuulProxy;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
@SpringCloudApplication
@EnableZuulProxy
public class ZuulDemoApplication {
@Bean
public SimpleFilter simpleFilter() {
return new SimpleFilter();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ZuulDemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
SimpleFilter.java
package com.example.demo;
import com.netflix.zuul.ZuulFilter;
import com.netflix.zuul.context.RequestContext;
import net.sf.json.JSONObject;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import java.util.Map;
public class SimpleFilter extends ZuulFilter {
private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleFilter.class);
@Override
public String filterType() {
return "pre";
}
@Override
public int filterOrder() {
return 1;
}
@Override
public boolean shouldFilter() {
return true;
}
@Override
public Object run() {
RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
HttpServletRequest request = ctx.getRequest();
Map<String,String[]> map=request.getParameterMap();
JSONObject jsonMap= JSONObject.fromObject(map);
log.info(String.format("%s request to %s Zuul==>params:%s", request.getMethod(), request.getRequestURL().toString(),jsonMap.toString()));
return null;
}
}
application.properties
#zuul.routes.sentence.path=/sentence2/**
#zuul.routes.sentence.serviceId=mmb-eureka-client2
#zuul.routes.sentence.url=http://localhost:8182/sentence
zuul.strip-prefix=false
server.port=8081
spring.application.name=mmb-zuul-server
eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://localhost:8181/eureka
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>zuul-demo</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>zuul-demo</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-zuul</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>net.sf.json-lib</groupId>
<artifactId>json-lib</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
<classifier>jdk15</classifier>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
该配置中心设置是支持在 git 的统一配置管理，并支持 rabbitmq 的消息传播。也就是说该服务需要 rabbitmq 的环境。
DemoConfigApplication.java
package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.config.server.EnableConfigServer;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableConfigServer
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class DemoConfigApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoConfigApplication.class, args);
}
}
application.properties
server.port=8888
spring.application.name=config-server
eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://localhost:8181/eureka
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
bootstrap.properties
spring.cloud.config.server.git.uri=https://github.com/zhaoenweiex/config-repo.git
management.security.enabled=false
spring.cloud.config.server.git.basedir=target/config
spring.cloud.config.server.git.search-paths=configclient
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>demo-config</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>demo-config</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-config-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-bus-amqp</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
DemoClientApplication.java
package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class DemoClientApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoClientApplication.class, args);
}
}
DemoController.java
package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.cloud.context.config.annotation.RefreshScope;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
@RefreshScope
@RestController
public class DemoController {
private static long timeStample=System.currentTimeMillis();
@Value("${words}")
private String wordsStr;
@RequestMapping("/")
public String getWord() {
String[] wordArray = wordsStr.split(",");
String address= null;
try {
address = Inet4Address.getLocalHost().getHostAddress();
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
int i = (int)Math.round(Math.random() * (wordArray.length - 1));
return wordArray[i]+timeStample+ address;
}
}
application.properties
eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://192.168.31.238:8181/eureka
server.port= ${PORT:${SERVER_PORT:0}}
spring.application.name=mmb-eureka-subject
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
spring.cloud.config.uri=http://localhost:8888
spring.cloud.config.profile=dev
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>demo-client</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>demo-client</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-config-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-bus-amqp</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
本文展示了如何搭建基于 Spring Cloud 的微服务框架，包括了负责服务注册与发现的 Spring Eureka，负责基于客户端负载均衡的组件 Spring Ribbon，负责统一配置的 Spring Config，负责智能路由和网关的 Spring Zuul 以及消息更新的消息总线 Spring Bus，还有简化 Rest 连接的模板 Feign。
最后补充两点：
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