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Spring Cloud 微服务架构入门实战笔记

Spring Cloud 微服务架构搭建实战。涵盖服务注册发现（Eureka）、负载均衡（Ribbon）、声明式调用（Feign）、网关路由（Zuul）及配置中心（Config）与消息总线（Bus）。通过 Maven 工程结构展示各组件配置，包括 application.properties、pom.xml 依赖管理及代码示例。重点解决环境搭建中的常见配置问题，如端口冲突、服务名注册、Git 配置同步等。适合初学者快速掌握 Spring Cloud 基础组件集成流程。

BigDataPan发布于 2025/1/20更新于 2026/8/2236 浏览
Spring Cloud 微服务架构入门实战笔记

前言

本周深入研究了 Spring Cloud 基础知识，搭建了首个 Demo 集群，记录入门踩坑经验，供参考。

Spring Cloud 介绍

Spring Cloud 为开发人员提供了快速构建分布式系统中一些常见模式的工具（例如配置管理，服务发现，断路器，智能路由，微代理，控制总线）。简单来说，Spring Cloud 为开发人员提供了一系列贴有 Spring 品牌的适合于微服务应用开发的服务组件。

Demo 架构

这里面涉及的内容较多，由于本文侧重实战就不详细说明了，请参考网络上的相关博客。

主要内容

准备工作

建立开发环境，我们一共需要 5 个工程来完成 Demo 的搭建，开发环境是 maven,jdk8,intellij。 采用 Maven 约定的结构。

服务注册与发现（Spring Eureka）

demo-eureka 工程 DemoApplication.java

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class DemoApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
    }
}

application.properties

server.port=8181 #端口
spring.application.name=mmb-eureka-server #服务名称
eureka.client.register-with-eureka=false #注册自己，用于集群形式
eureka.client.fetch-registry=false #若为 true 的话会报错

注：此配置不可用于生产环境，缺乏优化

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>demo</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>demo</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

负载均衡和连接模板（Spring Ribbon&Feign）

DemoClient2Application.java

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.EnableFeignClients;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class DemoClient2Application {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoClient2Application.class, args);
    }
}

DemoController.java

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class DemoController {
    @Autowired
    private WordFeignClient wordFeignClient;

    @RequestMapping("/abc")
    public String getSentence() {
        return wordFeignClient.getWord() + wordFeignClient.getWord();
    }
}

WordFeignClient.java

import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

@FeignClient("mmb-eureka-subject")
public interface WordFeignClient {
    @RequestMapping(value = "/", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    String getWord();
}

application.properties

eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://localhost:8181/eureka
server.port=8182
spring.application.name=mmb-eureka-client2
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
mmb-eureka-subject.ribbon.NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName=com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>demo-client2</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>demo-client2</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-feign</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
            <artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
            <version>2.6.1</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
            <artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
            <version>2.6.1</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

网关（Spring Zuul）

ZuulDemoApplication.java

package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.SpringCloudApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.EnableZuulProxy;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;

@SpringCloudApplication
@EnableZuulProxy
public class ZuulDemoApplication {
    @Bean
    public SimpleFilter simpleFilter() {
        return new SimpleFilter();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ZuulDemoApplication.class, args);
    }
}

SimpleFilter.java

package com.example.demo;
import com.netflix.zuul.ZuulFilter;
import com.netflix.zuul.context.RequestContext;
import net.sf.json.JSONObject;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import java.util.Map;

public class SimpleFilter extends ZuulFilter {
    private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleFilter.class);

    @Override
    public String filterType() {
        return "pre";
    }

    @Override
    public int filterOrder() {
        return 1;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean shouldFilter() {
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public Object run() {
        RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
        HttpServletRequest request = ctx.getRequest();
        Map<String,String[]> map=request.getParameterMap();
        JSONObject jsonMap= JSONObject.fromObject(map);
        log.info(String.format("%s request to %s Zuul==>params:%s", request.getMethod(), request.getRequestURL().toString(),jsonMap.toString()));
        return null;
    }
}

application.properties

#zuul.routes.sentence.path=/sentence2/**
#zuul.routes.sentence.serviceId=mmb-eureka-client2
#zuul.routes.sentence.url=http://localhost:8182/sentence
zuul.strip-prefix=false
server.port=8081
spring.application.name=mmb-zuul-server
eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://localhost:8181/eureka

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>zuul-demo</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>zuul-demo</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-zuul</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.sf.json-lib</groupId>
            <artifactId>json-lib</artifactId>
            <version>2.4</version>
            <classifier>jdk15</classifier>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

配置中心与消息总线（Srping Config & Bus）

该配置中心设置是支持在 git 的统一配置管理，并支持 rabbitmq 的消息传播。也就是说该服务需要 rabbitmq 的环境。

配置中心

DemoConfigApplication.java

package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.config.server.EnableConfigServer;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableConfigServer
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class DemoConfigApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoConfigApplication.class, args);
    }
}

application.properties

server.port=8888
spring.application.name=config-server
eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://localhost:8181/eureka
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true

bootstrap.properties

spring.cloud.config.server.git.uri=https://github.com/zhaoenweiex/config-repo.git
management.security.enabled=false
spring.cloud.config.server.git.basedir=target/config
spring.cloud.config.server.git.search-paths=configclient
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>demo-config</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>demo-config</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-config-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-bus-amqp</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>
配置客户端

DemoClientApplication.java

package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class DemoClientApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoClientApplication.class, args);
    }
}

DemoController.java

package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.cloud.context.config.annotation.RefreshScope;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

@RefreshScope
@RestController
public class DemoController {
    private static long timeStample=System.currentTimeMillis();

    @Value("${words}")
    private String wordsStr;

    @RequestMapping("/")
    public String getWord() {
        String[] wordArray = wordsStr.split(",");
        String address= null;
        try {
            address = Inet4Address.getLocalHost().getHostAddress();
        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        int i = (int)Math.round(Math.random() * (wordArray.length - 1));
        return wordArray[i]+timeStample+ address;
    }
}

application.properties

eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone=http://192.168.31.238:8181/eureka
server.port= ${PORT:${SERVER_PORT:0}}
spring.application.name=mmb-eureka-subject
eureka.instance.prefer-ip-address=true
spring.cloud.config.uri=http://localhost:8888
spring.cloud.config.profile=dev
spring.rabbitmq.host=localhost
spring.rabbitmq.port=5672

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>demo-client</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <name>demo-client</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.5.4.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Dalston.SR1</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-config-client</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-bus-amqp</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

总结

本文展示了如何搭建基于 Spring Cloud 的微服务框架，包括了负责服务注册与发现的 Spring Eureka，负责基于客户端负载均衡的组件 Spring Ribbon，负责统一配置的 Spring Config，负责智能路由和网关的 Spring Zuul 以及消息更新的消息总线 Spring Bus，还有简化 Rest 连接的模板 Feign。

最后补充两点：

  1. 在 Spring Cloud 中最为复杂和容易出错的的并非是业务代码开发，而是依赖与配置，所以关于.properties 或.yaml 都是使用 Spring Cloud 的必背基础。
  2. 支撑业务的 Spring Boot 开发框架也是必不可少的基础知识。

目录

  1. 前言
  2. Spring Cloud 介绍
  3. Demo 架构
  4. 主要内容
  5. 准备工作
  6. 服务注册与发现（Spring Eureka）
  7. 负载均衡和连接模板（Spring Ribbon&Feign）
  8. 网关（Spring Zuul）
  9. 配置中心与消息总线（Srping Config & Bus）
  10. 配置中心
  11. 配置客户端
  12. 总结
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