Python

Python Web 框架 Django 实战：模型、视图与模板应用

综述由AI生成Django 是 Python 开源 Web 框架，遵循 MVC 架构。内容涵盖 Django 安装、项目创建、模型定义、视图函数、表单处理、模板渲染及路由配置。通过产品管理系统实战案例，演示了 CRUD 操作、用户认证、权限管理及静态文件管理。包含代码示例与实施步骤，帮助开发者快速掌握 Django 核心功能并构建完整 Web 应用。

魔法巫师发布于 2026/3/21更新于 2026/4/265 浏览

Django 实战：模型、视图与模板应用

一、学习目标与重点

学习目标：掌握 Django 框架的核心功能，包括模型、视图、模板、表单、认证、权限管理等；理解 Django 的 MVT 架构；通过实战案例开发一个完整的 Web 应用。

学习重点：Django 项目结构、模型定义、视图函数、模板渲染、表单处理、用户认证、权限管理、数据库操作。

17.1 Django 框架概述

17.1.1 什么是 Django

Django 是一个开源的 Python Web 框架，遵循 MVT（Model-View-Template）架构，提供了完整的 Web 开发解决方案，包括数据库操作、表单处理、用户认证、权限管理等。

17.1.2 Django 的特点

快速开发：提供了丰富的内置功能，如 ORM、模板引擎、表单处理等，减少了开发时间。
安全性：内置了 CSRF 保护、XSS 防护、SQL 注入防护等安全措施。
可扩展性：支持插件化开发，有大量的第三方库和应用。
文档完善：提供了详细的官方文档和示例代码。

17.1.3 Django 的安装

pip install django

17.2 创建 Django 项目

17.2.1 创建项目

django-admin startproject myproject

17.2.2 创建应用

cd myproject
python manage.py startapp myapp

17.2.3 项目结构

myproject/
├── manage.py
├── myapp/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── admin.py
│   ├── apps.py
│   ├── migrations/
│   ├── models.py
│   ├── tests.py
│   └── views.py
└── myproject/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── asgi.py
    ├── settings.py
    ├── urls.py
    └── wsgi.py

17.3 模型定义

17.3.1 定义模型

# myapp/models.py
from django.db import models

class Product(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=, decimal_places=)
    description = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=)

     ():
         .name

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
from myapp.models import Product
from myapp.forms import ProductForm

def product_list(request):
    products = Product.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_list.html', {'products': products})

def product_detail(request, product_id):
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, pk=product_id)
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_detail.html', {'product': product})

def product_create(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = ProductForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('product_list')
    else:
        form = ProductForm()
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_form.html', {'form': form})

def product_update(request, product_id):
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, pk=product_id)
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = ProductForm(request.POST, instance=product)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('product_list')
    else:
        form = ProductForm(instance=product)
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_form.html', {'form': form})

def product_delete(request, product_id):
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, pk=product_id)
    if request.method == 'POST':
        product.delete()
        return redirect('product_list')
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_delete.html', {'product': product})

# myapp/forms.py
from django import forms
from myapp.models import Product

class ProductForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Product
        fields = ['name', 'price', 'description']

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/base.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>{% block title %}产品管理系统{% endblock %}</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
    <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light">
        <a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'product_list' %}">产品管理系统</a>
        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse">
            <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto">
                <li class="nav-item">
                    <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'product_list' %}">产品列表</a>
                </li>
                <li class="nav-item">
                    <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'product_create' %}">添加产品</a>
                </li>
            </ul>
        </div>
    </nav>
    <div class="container mt-4"> {% block content %}{% endblock %} </div>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/product_list.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}产品列表{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>产品列表</h1>
<table class="table table-striped">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>名称</th>
            <th>价格</th>
            <th>描述</th>
            <th>创建时间</th>
            <th>操作</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        {% for product in products %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ product.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.price }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.description }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.created_at }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="{% url 'product_detail' product.id %}" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">查看</a>
                <a href="{% url 'product_update' product.id %}" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm">编辑</a>
                <a href="{% url 'product_delete' product.id %}" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
        {% endfor %}
    </tbody>
</table>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/product_detail.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}产品详情{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>产品详情</h1>
<div class="card">
    <div class="card-body">
        <h5 class="card-title">{{ product.name }}</h5>
        <p class="card-text">{{ product.description }}</p>
        <p class="card-text">价格：{{ product.price }}</p>
        <p class="card-text">创建时间：{{ product.created_at }}</p>
        <p class="card-text">更新时间：{{ product.updated_at }}</p>
        <a href="{% url 'product_update' product.id %}" class="btn btn-secondary">编辑</a>
        <a href="{% url 'product_delete' product.id %}" class="btn btn-danger">删除</a>
    </div>
</div>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/product_form.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}添加/编辑产品{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>{% if form.instance.pk %}编辑产品{% else %}添加产品{% endif %}</h1>
<form method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">保存</button>
    <a href="{% url 'product_list' %}" class="btn btn-secondary">取消</a>
</form>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/product_delete.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}删除产品{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>删除产品</h1>
<p>你确定要删除产品 "{{ product.name }}" 吗？</p>
<form method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">确认删除</button>
    <a href="{% url 'product_list' %}" class="btn btn-secondary">取消</a>
</form>
{% endblock %}

# myapp/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.product_list, name='product_list'),
    path('product/<int:product_id>/', views.product_detail, name='product_detail'),
    path('product/create/', views.product_create, name='product_create'),
    path('product/<int:product_id>/update/', views.product_update, name='product_update'),
    path('product/<int:product_id>/delete/', views.product_delete, name='product_delete'),
]

# myproject/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('myapp.urls')),
]

# myproject/settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'myapp',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

python manage.py createsuperuser

# myapp/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from myapp.models import Product

@admin.register(Product)
class ProductAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['name', 'price', 'description', 'created_at', 'updated_at']
    list_filter = ['created_at']
    search_fields = ['name', 'description']

# myproject/settings.py
import os

STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
]

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/base.html -->
{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>{% block title %}产品管理系统{% endblock %}</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
</head>
<body>
    ... 
    <script src="{% static 'js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js' %}"></script>
</body>
</html>

# myapp/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class Category(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    description = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Product(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
    description = models.TextField()
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

# myapp/forms.py
from django import forms
from myapp.models import Product, Category

class CategoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Category
        fields = ['name', 'description']

class ProductForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Product
        fields = ['name', 'price', 'description', 'category']

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
from myapp.models import Product, Category
from myapp.forms import ProductForm, CategoryForm
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

def category_list(request):
    categories = Category.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'myapp/category_list.html', {'categories': categories})

def category_detail(request, category_id):
    category = get_object_or_404(Category, pk=category_id)
    products = category.product_set.all()
    return render(request, 'myapp/category_detail.html', {'category': category, 'products': products})

@login_required
def category_create(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = CategoryForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('category_list')
    else:
        form = CategoryForm()
    return render(request, 'myapp/category_form.html', {'form': form})

@login_required
def category_update(request, category_id):
    category = get_object_or_404(Category, pk=category_id)
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = CategoryForm(request.POST, instance=category)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('category_list')
    else:
        form = CategoryForm(instance=category)
    return render(request, 'myapp/category_form.html', {'form': form})

@login_required
def category_delete(request, category_id):
    category = get_object_or_404(Category, pk=category_id)
    if request.method == 'POST':
        category.delete()
        return redirect('category_list')
    return render(request, 'myapp/category_delete.html', {'category': category})

def product_list(request):
    search_query = request.GET.get('search', '')
    products = Product.objects.filter(name__icontains=search_query)
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_list.html', {'products': products, 'search_query': search_query})

def product_detail(request, product_id):
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, pk=product_id)
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_detail.html', {'product': product})

@login_required
def product_create(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = ProductForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('product_list')
    else:
        form = ProductForm()
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_form.html', {'form': form})

@login_required
def product_update(request, product_id):
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, pk=product_id)
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = ProductForm(request.POST, instance=product)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('product_list')
    else:
        form = ProductForm(instance=product)
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_form.html', {'form': form})

@login_required
def product_delete(request, product_id):
    product = get_object_or_404(Product, pk=product_id)
    if request.method == 'POST':
        product.delete()
        return redirect('product_list')
    return render(request, 'myapp/product_delete.html', {'product': product})

# myapp/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.product_list, name='product_list'),
    path('category/', views.category_list, name='category_list'),
    path('category/<int:category_id>/', views.category_detail, name='category_detail'),
    path('category/create/', views.category_create, name='category_create'),
    path('category/<int:category_id>/update/', views.category_update, name='category_update'),
    path('category/<int:category_id>/delete/', views.category_delete, name='category_delete'),
    path('product/<int:product_id>/', views.product_detail, name='product_detail'),
    path('product/create/', views.product_create, name='product_create'),
    path('product/<int:product_id>/update/', views.product_update, name='product_update'),
    path('product/<int:product_id>/delete/', views.product_delete, name='product_delete'),
]

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/category_list.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}分类列表{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>分类列表</h1>
<table class="table table-striped">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>名称</th>
            <th>描述</th>
            <th>创建时间</th>
            <th>操作</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        {% for category in categories %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ category.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ category.description }}</td>
            <td>{{ category.created_at }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="{% url 'category_detail' category.id %}" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">查看</a>
                <a href="{% url 'category_update' category.id %}" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm">编辑</a>
                <a href="{% url 'category_delete' category.id %}" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
        {% endfor %}
    </tbody>
</table>
<a href="{% url 'category_create' %}" class="btn btn-primary">添加分类</a>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/category_detail.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}分类详情{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>{{ category.name }}</h1>
<p>{{ category.description }}</p>
<h2>产品列表</h2>
<table class="table table-striped">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>名称</th>
            <th>价格</th>
            <th>描述</th>
            <th>创建时间</th>
            <th>操作</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        {% for product in products %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ product.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.price }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.description }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.created_at }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="{% url 'product_detail' product.id %}" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">查看</a>
                <a href="{% url 'product_update' product.id %}" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm">编辑</a>
                <a href="{% url 'product_delete' product.id %}" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
        {% endfor %}
    </tbody>
</table>
<a href="{% url 'product_create' %}" class="btn btn-primary">添加产品</a>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/category_form.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}添加/编辑分类{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>{% if form.instance.pk %}编辑分类{% else %}添加分类{% endif %}</h1>
<form method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">保存</button>
    <a href="{% url 'category_list' %}" class="btn btn-secondary">取消</a>
</form>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/category_delete.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}删除分类{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>删除分类</h1>
<p>你确定要删除分类 "{{ category.name }}" 吗？</p>
<form method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">确认删除</button>
    <a href="{% url 'category_list' %}" class="btn btn-secondary">取消</a>
</form>
{% endblock %}

<!-- myapp/templates/myapp/product_list.html -->
{% extends 'myapp/base.html' %}
{% block title %}产品列表{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>产品列表</h1>
<form method="get">
    <div class="form-group">
        <input type="text" name="search" value="{{ search_query }}" class="form-control" placeholder="搜索产品名称">
    </div>
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">搜索</button>
</form>
<table class="table table-striped mt-4">
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>名称</th>
            <th>价格</th>
            <th>描述</th>
            <th>分类</th>
            <th>创建时间</th>
            <th>操作</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        {% for product in products %}
        <tr>
            <td>{{ product.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.price }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.description }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.category.name }}</td>
            <td>{{ product.created_at }}</td>
            <td>
                <a href="{% url 'product_detail' product.id %}" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">查看</a>
                <a href="{% url 'product_update' product.id %}" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm">编辑</a>
                <a href="{% url 'product_delete' product.id %}" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">删除</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
        {% endfor %}
    </tbody>
</table>
<a href="{% url 'product_create' %}" class="btn btn-primary">添加产品</a>
{% endblock %}

Python Web 框架 Django 实战：模型、视图与模板应用

Django 实战：模型、视图与模板应用

一、学习目标与重点

17.1 Django 框架概述

17.1.1 什么是 Django

17.1.2 Django 的特点

17.1.3 Django 的安装

17.2 创建 Django 项目

17.2.1 创建项目

17.2.2 创建应用

17.2.3 项目结构

17.3 模型定义

17.3.1 定义模型

Python Web 框架 Django 实战：模型、视图与模板应用

Django 实战：模型、视图与模板应用

一、学习目标与重点

17.1 Django 框架概述

17.1.1 什么是 Django

17.1.2 Django 的特点

17.1.3 Django 的安装

17.2 创建 Django 项目

17.2.1 创建项目

17.2.2 创建应用

17.2.3 项目结构

17.3 模型定义

17.3.1 定义模型

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17.3.2 迁移数据库

17.4 视图函数

17.4.1 定义视图函数

17.5 表单处理

17.5.1 定义表单

17.6 模板渲染

17.6.1 定义模板

17.7 路由配置

17.7.1 应用路由

17.7.2 项目路由

17.8 用户认证与权限管理

17.8.1 配置认证系统

17.8.2 创建用户

17.8.3 权限管理

17.9 静态文件管理

17.9.1 配置静态文件

17.9.2 加载静态文件

17.10 实战案例：产品管理系统

17.10.1 需求分析

17.10.2 代码实现

17.10.2.1 模型定义

17.10.2.2 表单定义

17.10.2.3 视图函数

17.10.2.4 路由配置

17.10.2.5 模板定义

17.10.2.6 搜索功能

17.10.3 实施过程

17.10.4 最终效果

总结

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