Python 驱动的 Web 与 App 端自动化测试实践

Driver (Appium)

控制设备连接，scope 设为 class 以避免重复启动 App。

import pytest
from appium import webdriver
from appium.options.android import UiAutomator2Options

@pytest.fixture(scope='class')
def create_driver():
    desired_cap = {
        "platformName": "Android",
        "deviceName": "设备名称",
        "udid": "设备 UDID",
        "appPackage": "应用包名",
        "appActivity": "初始化 Activity",
        "automationName": "UiAutomator2",
        "noReset": True,
        "newCommandTimeout": 900,
        "autoGrantPermissions": True,
        "unicodeKeyboard": True,
        "resetKeyboard": True
    }
    options = UiAutomator2Options().load_capabilities(desired_cap)
    driver = None
    try:
        driver = webdriver.Remote("http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub", options=options)
        driver.implicitly_wait(30)
        print("驱动初始化成功，设备已连接")
        yield driver
    finally:
        if driver:
            driver.quit()
            print("驱动已关闭")

Logger

日志生成器，支持轮转存储。

import logging
import os
import pytest

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def logger():
    log = logging.getLogger("TestLogger")
    log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    log_dir = "./log"
    if not os.path.exists(log_dir):
        os.makedirs(log_dir)
    log_file = os.path.join(log_dir, 'log.txt')
    handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(log_file, mode='w', encoding='utf-8')
    fmt = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s-%(levelname)s-%(process)d-%(message)s')
    handler.setFormatter(fmt)
    log.addHandler(handler)
    yield log
    print("销毁日志记录器")

三、PO 模式具体使用

在 pages 目录下创建 login.py 等页面类文件。

from playwright.sync_api import Page

class PatientScreen:
    def __init__(self, page: Page):
        self.page = page

    def navigate(self):
        self.page.get_by_text('...').click()
        self.page.get_by_role('button').click()

推荐使用 Playwright Codegen 录制工具自动生成操作代码：

playwright codegen "http://..."

在测试文件中调用：

class TestPatientScreen:
    def test_template_color(self, page, create_driver, logger):
        logger.info("case1: 测试一览表背景颜色切换")
        login_page = WebLogin(page)
        patient_screen_page = PatientScreen(page)

四、Appium 元素定位技巧

1. 跨端图片比对

获取设备上图片并计算汉明距离与原图比对。

from PIL import Image
import imagehash

def hash_compare(img1_path, img2_path, threshold=16):
    hash1 = imagehash.phash(Image.open(img1_path))
    hash2 = imagehash.phash(Image.open(img2_path))
    hamming_distance = hash1 - hash2
    is_similar = hamming_distance <= threshold
    if is_similar:
        print("同一张图片")
    else:
        print("不是同一张")

# 获取设备截图
logo = create_driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '/hierarchy/android.widget.FrameLayout/...')
screenshot_bytes = logo.screenshot_as_png
with open(device_logo_path, "wb") as f:
    f.write(screenshot_bytes)

2. 坐标滑动操作

当无法直接定位可滑动元素时，采用坐标模拟滑动。

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.pointer import PointerInput, interaction

def swipe_up(driver, start_x_percent=0.2, start_y_percent=0.8, end_y_percent=0.2):
    width = driver.get_window_size()['width']
    height = driver.get_window_size()['height']
    actions = ActionChains(driver)
    actions.w3c_actions = ActionBuilder(driver, mouse=PointerInput(interaction.POINTER_TOUCH, "TOUCH"))
    actions.w3c_actions.pointer_action.move_to_location(start_x_percent * width, start_y_percent * height)
    actions.w3c_actions.pointer_action.pointer_down()
    actions.w3c_actions.pointer_action.move_to_location(start_x_percent * width, end_y_percent * height)
    actions.w3c_actions.pointer_action.pointer_up()
    actions.perform()